Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploration - Essay Example Along these lines the tally of blue shirts sold against different hues would be annualized and normal taken with a similar condition for every single other variable.. Middle partitions the arrangements of information down the middle and places half over the middle and half underneath the middle while mode relates to the score that happens all the more every now and again in a lot of information. For each situation a whole arrangement of information can be summed up with a solitary worth. There are likewise three primary recipes for the proportion of changeability and they are Range, Variance and Standard Deviation. Through these measures we can tell how much the information in each set changes. Range gauges the separation between the most noteworthy and least qualities and gives us a thought of the width of our informational index. This is well known despite the fact that it doesn't show were the information is assembled in the set. The aggregate sum of fluctuation is considered with Variance. To evaluate the distinction in informational collections a point should be found to which every perception can be looked at. As mean takes in each perception in its figuring it would be the best purpose of examination. Standard Deviation figures the square base of a fluctuation. It gives a decent proportion of fluctuation and shows the normal separation every perception is from the

Ping Sweeps and Port Scans an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Ping Sweeps and Port Scans Theory STATEMENT System tests, for example, port outputs and ping clears, can prompt interruption of private frameworks of an organization or system, empowering the gatecrashers to obtain entrance and change, or most noticeably awful, ruin the settings of helpless objective machines which can destroy the entire organization framework too, be that as it may, because of the headway in innovation, such movement can be identified and forestalled utilizing extraordinary devices. Need exposition test on Ping Sweeps and Port Scans theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue Presentation Ping Sweeps and Port Scans are two most basic system tests which fill in as significant pieces of information in detecting attack or interruption that can hurt the system's frameworks of machines. In spite of the fact that system tests are not really interruptions, in any case, they might be potential reasons for genuine interruptions later on (Theo, 2000). To keep away from such conditions, it is better that we know about how tests are performed and how we can identify them. PORT SCANS Port Scanning can find the administrations running on an objective machine allowing the gatecrasher to examine the entire framework, making it simple for him to make an arrangement on the most proficient method to assault any vulnerable and unprotected help that he finds. For instance, if an interloper finds any open port, for example, port 143, he will see what running IMAP rendition is on the objective. In the event that the variant is powerless, he can have an entrance to the machine utilizing an abuse (Theo, 2000). How is it performed? You simply need to associate a progression of ports on the machine, discovering which ones react and which don't. A decent developer can compose a straightforward port scanner in only fifteen minutes utilizing Java or Perl language. Then again, this sort of port sweep is effortlessly distinguished by the working arrangement of the objective machine (Theo, 2000). An instrument called scanlogd, created by the Solar Designer, is a dmon running in a foundation and tuning in on the system limit for port sweeps. The scanlogd relates the distinguished port sweep through writing a line utilizing the syslog component (Theo, 2000). PING SWEEPS In ping clears, a lot of ICMP ECHO bundles is being sent to an arrangement of machines, explicitly a scope of IP locations, and discover which ones will respond. Dynamic machines that react will be the potential objective of the interloper; from that point he will concentrate on assaulting and taking a shot at these machines. Be that as it may, ping clears is some of the time performed by the system really to discover which machines are alive for analytic reasons (Theo, 2000). Like port outputs, ping scopes can be identified utilizing an extraordinary apparatus. ippl, an IP convention lumberjack, can log TCP, UDP, and ICMP parcels. It works like the scanlogd, wherein it sits out of sight and sneak for bundles (Theo, 2000). End Since arrange examining exercises like port outputs and ping scopes can be distinguished and forestalled utilizing extraordinary instruments, there is no compelling reason to stress on potential interruptions of system frameworks and machines. System machines should have been made sure about with these uncommon devices to stay away from interruptions through tests. There are as yet numerous sorts of system tests which are altogether developing today, be that as it may, these exercises can even now be identified additionally utilizing the headway in innovation and appropriate aptitudes and information. REFERENCES Teo, L. (1 December 2000). Systems Probes Explained: Understanding Port Scans and Ping Sweeps. Recovered 22 November 2007 from http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4234 Thompson Course Technology. Port Scanning. [electronic version] . Hands-On Ethical Hacking and Network Defense. Section 5.

Detroit and Cleveland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Detroit and Cleveland - Essay Example Once maintained in view of its transportation framework, the urban areas are currently viewed as hinterlands which fortunately, host stirred concerned gatherings to investigate the issue and discover arrangements. The arrangement they discovered is to improve the transportation framework, which lawmakers saw as a potential venture as inspected what occurred in the urban areas around the globe which quickly created during the most recent decades. Detroit, which began its impact in the transportation framework, first applied the Gallatin plan, making channels that connected the city to different urban areas and in the long run to different states. This made transportation and monetary exchanges simpler and subsequently improving the city’s economy. In the long run, individuals moved in to the city with new organizations and making occupations that made the city into a suburb that pulled in more individuals. The development of Detroit’s populace proceeded with a precarious thickness angle as it looked towards improving streets for simpler transportation, peering toward the utilization of carriers to amass individuals in the city. In like manner, Cleveland had a comparative encounter that caused it to have a name that could be contrasted with the once referenced city. It is then seen that transportation to be sure have an extraordinary impact in the accomplishment of a city’s economy. ... Residents sobbed for a superior transportation framework that would permit them quicker and more secure ventures so they could perform well in their obligations. With the greatness of the previously mentioned urban areas lost, their populaces diminished, influencing their economy and leaving them to appear to be commonplace when contrasted with urban communities in Spain which a couple of decades prior were a long ways behind with regards to their monetary status. The examinations with Spain and China turned into a test to the two urban communities and are presently arranging their game-plan to pull in back individuals to move into the grounds, put resources into the urban areas and have their residencies, with a financial put together program concentrated with respect to the railroad framework. Detroit’s plan to utilize cutting edge innovation in the transportation framework would acquire an extraordinary change the movement encounters of individuals, as they move here and th ere on agreeable, rapid rails. The urban areas imagine railways that permit quick paced transportations tantamount to exceptionally improved vehicle frameworks of Spain and likely with the German superhighway. The urban communities anticipate a splendid future as they intend to make transportation frameworks that are wired, utilizing light discharging diodes to create a fantasy materialize for the country. This arrangement is upheld by the present leader of America be that as it may, the budgetary help offered by the administration isn't sufficiently adequate to help the undertaking. Regardless of such an issue, the country is as yet confident that this will happen as the proof of what high innovation transportation has brought to different countries, has demonstrated to merit the penances. Urban recharging is pointed with the improvement

Why Everyone Is Talking About Research Report Essay

Why Everyone Is Talking About Research Report Essay So, make certain you realize the strong stuff at first before you downgrade even if your long-term aim is equity research. Since there are lots of ways about how you can convey a message or information by means of a report, writing a brief report was known to be more effective. You might also take a look at quality report examples. It's possible to employ your studying to plan and develop your marketing and advertising strategies, to determine new prospective clients, and product program. Information regarding overall profitability together with the intended use of the funds may also be included. What it aims is to research a topic of particular regions to collect a growing number of details. This research is able to help you come up with your customer personas and specific problems you wish to solve with your goods or support. Vital Pieces of Research Report Essay More so, it may also be a document that includes the outcome of the research being executed. You've got to mention that how previous studies were not able to address the issue together with mentioning the advantages of solving problem. As stated above, a research report may be used in plenty of processes and functions. In method section, you've got to describe what methods you're likely to utilize in your organization research report. Open University Web Resources is a fantastic collection of such journal databases, though you'll require an ATHENS password to use a number of them. Writing quality essays is the principal purpose of our services. State also how you intend to approach your topic. As students become acquainted with rubrics, they can aid in the rubric design approach. What You Must Know About Research Report Essay Of course, when you want to turn in a normal paper done in the center of the. To synthesize effectively, you want to reveal your readers how everything that you put in your research paper fits with each other to create a cohesive whole. It's possible to say lots of things about the subject, but everything you say will be at a really basic or survey level. So far as the students are involved, writing a research paper is among the toughest and frustrating job in their opinion. The perfect way to scan whether or not a book is pertinent to what you're writing about is to check through the i ndex. Thus, you don't need to introduce any new ideas, but instead recap everything throughout the remainder of your bit of writing. A superb outline is easily the most crucial step in writing a superb paper. The very first step you will want to assume is that your topic will probably be too broad, in other words, it is going to require that you deal with an excessive amount of information for a single essay. To begin with, it permits you to supply the reader with some brief background information regarding the subject. Our site is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. You can trust the very best essay help online. Locate articles regarding your subject and take a look at the bibliography for more reading that you may be in a position to find online without passwords. You want to manage only 1 question in any research undertaking. Make a list of information that you want to put in your research report. A weekly activity report is frequently as in-depth as you would like it to be. When it has to do with creating your market research file, you might want to do an in-depth overview of all your market research, or perhaps you want to concentrate in on a single region of your research. As it's a simple fact a concerned introduction is the layout of the entire small business research report. You will have to compose a research report in APA style (such as interpretation of some easy data analyses) on a topic from inside the wide region of cognitive psychology. The conclusion ought to be about one paragraph as it unites the discussion and the effect of a whole small business research file, and whereas a recommendation shows in a distinct section. At the end of each business research file, there's a component of conclusions and recommendations. The Good, the Bad and Research Report Essay What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. Normally, it's part of the academic requirements of students. Fortunately our team consists of professional writers which possess the capability to make remarkable content for you. You may easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency t o assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts.

Thesis Gender Role - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 505 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Gender Essay Gender Roles Essay Role of Women Essay Did you like this example? THESIS PARAGRAPH. HOW TO APPROACH YOUR FIRST PARAGRAPH.. A thesis is another name for your argument. It answers the question â€Å"What does the student argue about the topic? † and â€Å"Why is this significant? † A thesis is not the same as a topic. For example: Topic: gender roles Thesis: â€Å"Pippi Longstocking is a heroine who challenges traditional gender roles. Unlike ‘good little girls’ like Annika, Pippi is physically strong, brave, and challenges authority. Now I have something that doesn’t just state WHAT the essay will be about, but gives an argument about the topic. But it could be better. I should go a little further: â€Å"Pippi Longstocking is a heroine who challenges traditional gender roles. Unlike ‘good little girls’ like Annika, Pippi is physically strong, brave, and challenges authority. Pippi serves as a model to young girls that they, too, can possess these qualities. Readers learn that there is somethin g positive about acting outside of the traditional female role. † And it could be better still! I could â€Å"flesh out† my idea to give it still more significance, and place it in context. â€Å"Pippi Longstocking is a heroine who challenges traditional gender roles. Astrid Lindgren wrote Pippi Longstocking in 1950, when women’s roles in industrialized nations were limited to the home, following World War Two. She originally told the stories to her daughter while the little girl was ill; perhaps the stories were meant to encourage the girl to be strong like Pippi. Physical strength is not traditionally encouraged in girls. Girls are generally trained to be fearful, dependent on others, and to be obedient. Books can change that: young readers learn from such heroines as Pippi, Anne of Green Gables and Leslie in Bridge to Terabitha that there are positive results from acting outside the traditional female role. Unlike ‘good little girls’ like h er friend Annika, Pippi is physically strong, brave, independent, and challenges authority. She is a model for ‘girl power’ that girls over 50 years later can follow. † This is a thesis paragraph. It goes beyond stating the topic (Pippi and gender roles) to provide context and detailsand a reason for the essay. I have to prove in the following paragraphs exactly HOW Pippi is â€Å"physically strong, brave, independent, and challenges authority. † This listing gives the reader a guideline for the essay. The body of my essay should follow it: Introduction: thesis paragraph. Body (points): 1. Pippi’s unfeminine strength 2. Pippi as brave 3. Pippi as independent 4. Pippi challenges authority. Conclusion. You are not restricted to one paragraph per major point. For instance, if I had a lot to say about Pippi challenging authority, I could devote more than one paragraph to it. I could devote several paragraphs to it, depending on my evidence and how much detail I wanted to give to it. The essay that follows the above outline could be 1 ? pages or 25. Think of your thesis paragraph as a â€Å"road map,† telling the reader where you’re going (what you’re arguing), what your stops are along the way (your points), and why. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Thesis: Gender Role" essay for you Create order

Descriptive Essay About Cricket - 1559 Words

I am writing about a sport named cricket. CRICKET: Cricket has second most number of viewers next to football. The history of cricket started in 16th century, originated in middle-east England, and it developed globally around 19th and 20th century. The first international cricket match was played between USA and CANADA in 1844. The match was played at the St George s Cricket Club in New York. Cricket is a game played on a vast field, known as a ground. each team should have 11 players. the game is the team batting first should score runs and defend those runs by bowling in the second half, when opponent team is batting. Team Structure: Each team made up of eleven players. A player will be†¦show more content†¦Batsmen should run between two ends to score runs they must run to each other s end of the pitch (from one end to the other). if they both reach others ends then one run is counted. they can run multiple runs to each shot. Apart from running, they can also score runs by hitting the ball to boundaries. A boundary gives the batsmen to score either 4 or 6 runs. A four is scored by hitting the ball all along the ground rolled until it touches boundary rope, while a six is scored by hitting the ball past the boundary rope on the full without touching the ground. Once a 4 or 6 has been scored any runs physically ran by the batsman are not counted. They will only get the 4 or 6 runs. Ways Batsmen can be given out: There are a number of different ways a batsman can be given out in the game of cricket. Bowled - Cricket rules state that if the ball is bowled and if it hits the striking batsman s wickets, and bails flip off the stumps the batsman is given out. Caught out - If a batsman hits the ball with his bat or hand/glove holding the bat and if the fielder takes the catch before it hits the ground then the batsman is given caught-out. Leg Before Wicket (LBW) - If the ball is bowled and if it hits the batsman legs or body first without hitting the bat then an LBW decision is possible. Anyhow for the umpire to give this out he must follow some of the rules in the cricket. The main thing the umpire needs toShow MoreRelatedMy Own Backyard1148 Words   |  5 PagesRobin Pulliam Descriptive Essay August 31, 2011 English 111-95 My Own Backyard My own backyard is my favorite place to visit. I say this because when I walk out my backdoor my senses come alive. I can enjoy the smells, sounds, and touch of nature. I use my backdoor as a place to escape from the real world and the tension of everyday life. It is like walking into another world. It is a place of serenity, where I can relax in my futon, forget about all my worries, and enjoy the view of my surroundingsRead MoreLiterature And Criticism Of The 19th Century1693 Words   |  7 PagesFor many, it is hard to know what to do about a world beset by struggles of cultural nationalism and staggering divides in the wealth and poverty of nations. Struggles of such are direct consequences of British colonial rule, after all, Britain was the largest of a series of European empires to conquer and divide a great portion of the world from a bird’s eye view. Thus, the driving force of postcolonial literature is in fact the legacy with which colonialism left behind; it is of ten concerned withRead Morejudgement and decision makin2595 Words   |  11 Pagesarticle a systematic approach towards risky choices which helps in deriving several hypotheses for psychophysical analysis of various reactions towards probability as well as money have been discussed. 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Operations Management Business Outsourcing Process Model

Question: Discuss about the Operations Management for Business Outsourcing Process Model. Answer: Introduction Operations Management is a part of management in any business that is concerned with designing and controlling of an organizations or a businesss production process with an aim of producing the best result (Mentzer et all, 2008). Therefore it involves the use of input raw materials, processing or production, marketing and distribution of goods and services that are safe to be used by the consumer. Production systems or processes are all the activities that are meant to design, process and distribute a product or a service according to customers requirements and needs (Ward et all, 1995). This essay shows a discussion the operational issues that are challenging Hawkesbury Cabinets limited. Operational issues are the problems that are involved in the production process, marketing, distribution of products, running of the business and managing the entire business activities (Hockley, 2010). Therefore, the essay is going to point out some of these issues and give an advice on how they ca n be solved. Hawkesbury Cabinets uses various production processes and in its business activity operations. Traditionally, they focused only on custom made cabinets whereby they only made the cabinets after receiving an order from their customers with the specifics and cabinet requirements. This shows that Hawkesbury used the made to order production process. In this process, the craftsman has to rely fully on what the customer want to ensure customer satisfaction from the product or service (Kouvelis et all, 2006). By using this process, the business started making good profits, sales increased and it started becoming popular to many. This therefore led to the business being assigned a contract to produce high quality and standardized cabinets for small spec builders. However, the contract required Hawkesbury to make the cabinets in small batches designed for 1-5 kitchen cabinet specifications which is evidence that they also used batch production process. In this kind of production process, an activity passes through a functional department in form of batches or lots but with each activity having its own different routing where the results are in batches (Kumar et all, 2009).These cabinets began to become vital to Hawkesbury because they represented 40% of the business volume and 20% of the sales revenue in general. Furthermore, Hawkesbury uses a single manufacturing facility where both the custom and standardized cabinets are made and sold. The custom cabinet making equipment is designed to highly flexible. In addition, machines, equipment and tools are stored according to their uses. E.g. the saws and cutting tables are stored in one section, routers and shapers in a different section among others. This evidently shows that Hawkesbury also uses the mass production process in addition to the other two mentioned above (Kleindorfer et al, 2005). In this process, a business focuses on production of large quantities and varieties of goods or services at a low cost per unit but in the same building and using the same equipment and machines (Stuart et al, 2002). This process came up with a positive effect on Hawkesbury where by the displayed cabinets reflected the craftsmanship of the individual makers and the good quality of the materials used (Kouvelis et all, 2006). Due to the increased number of builders kitchens, Hawkesbury, increased the sales of builders cabinets. This made the management to start doing work schedules to be able to maintain their markets and sales. Therefore, the custom-made cabinets were given priority because of their higher sales and profit margins while the standardized cabinets were set aside without total completion and instead they were left as work in progress. This shows that Hawkesbury uses job shop production process where most of the products are usually not complete but left as Work in Progress (WIP) (Gupta et all, 2009). This process involves high variety of product but with low volumes, highly skilled employees are required, large material, inputs and tools inventories, good planning is required and use of general purpose machines and equipment (Barrile et all, 2002).This process played a big role for Hawkesbury like: increased growth of the business, custom kitchen cabinets sale remained strong and the builde rs increased cabinets rapidly. However, from these processes, Hawkesbury faced some problems during their business operations especially with the small spec builders cabinets. The contract required the cabinets to be in low volumes, high quality but standardized, cheaper than the custom-made cabinets and their delivery means to be special. These rules became challenges to Hawkesbury business even though the cabinets seemed to be profitable. In addition to that, Hawkesbury faces a challenge of operating in just one building where both kinds of cabinets are made by the same employees. These therefore means that the cabinets will have to compete with each other for attention when it comes to customer buying and also to the craftsmen making them. This becomes a problem also because Hawkesbury has few equipment and tools that are available for the business operations and therefore both types of cabinets are forced to share. Furthermore, Hawkesbury has currently allowed a lot of cabinets to be left as WIP which leads to overcrowding the factory. This also leads to lack of space for work and a lot of work is left unfinished. Therefore, this clearly shows that Hawkesbury has the problem of lack of employees, tools and enough working space which forced the business even to hire the nearby warehouse to increase the space. Recommendations I would recommend the Hawkesbury to continue using the production processes that they are already using i.e. custom made production process and batch process because they are already making good profit from the products they make. However, I would recommend them to set aside the job shop process because it is causing a lot of disadvantages. Conclusion In conclusion, I can say that Hawkesbury Cabinets uses some of the best production processes that are most effective and popular for such kind of business and that it should continue operating with those processes. References Barrile, S. Cameron, T. (2002).Business management. South Yarra, Vic.: VCTA Pub. Flynn, B. B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R. G., Bates, K. A., Flynn, E. J. (1990). Empirical research methods in operations management.Journal of operations management,9(2), 250-284. Gupta, S., Koulamas, C., Kyparisis, G. (2009). E-Business: A Review of Research Published in Production and Operations Management (1992-2008).Production and Operations Management, 18(6), 604-620. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2009.01100.x Handley, S. Benton, W. (2009). Unlocking the business outsourcing process model.Journal of Operations Management,27(5), 344-361. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2008.11.002 Hockley, L. (2010).Global operations management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Kumar, S. Suresh, N. (2009).Operations management. New Delhi: New Age International. Kouvelis, P., Chambers, C. and Wang, H., 2006. Supply chain management research and production and operations management: Review, trends, and opportunities.Production and Operations Management,15(3), pp.449-469. Mentzer, J.T., Stank, T.P. and Esper, T.L., 2008. Supply chain management and its relationship to logistics, marketing, production, and operations management.Journal of Business Logistics,29(1), pp.31-46. Stuart, I., McCutcheon, D., Handfield, R., McLachlin, R., Samson, D. (2002). Effective case research in operations management: a process perspective.Journal of Operations Management,20(5), 419-433. Ward, P. T., Duray, R., Leong, G. K., Sum, C. C. (1995). Business environment, operations strategy, and performance: an empirical study of Singapore manufacturers.Journal of operations management,13(2), 99-115.

Sociology of Poverty in Britain Essay Example

Sociology of Poverty in Britain Essay a) Using the information in item A, identify two trends in the growth of poverty amongst British households in the 1980s and 1990s.The report, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain, shows that the proportion of households living in poverty rose from 14 to 24 % between 1983 and 1999. This indicates a significant increase in the phenomenon of poverty throughout Britain as a whole. In 1999 almost a quarter of households were experiencing poverty in Britain compared to less than a sixth in 1983.However, the growth of poverty was most rapid in the 1980s when 1% of households became poor each year. During the 1990s this figure fell to 0.3% a year. This statistic suggests that although poverty is continuing to rise the trend is heading towards a plateau or critical mass of poverty. i.e. if trends continue the rate of poverty will cease to increase and a consistent proportion of the population will experience poverty each year.b) Using the data in Item B, identify two main changes in the p ercentage share of the national income between 1979 and 1995.Data such as the Family Expenditure Survey demonstrate trends in the proportions of population situated in each income distribution decile. Item B shows that those in the top decile (defined in 1997 by Goodman, Webb and Johnson as: a single person earning à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22,000 per annum; a couple with children with a gross income of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000; or a childless couple earning à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17,000 each per annum) held 21% of the national income. In 1995 this figure had increased to 27% of the national income.Conversely, those in the bottom decile (e.g.. a pensioner with a basic pension of just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½58.85 in 1997) accounted for only 4% of the national income in 1979. However, by 1995 this had almost halved to only 2.2% of the national income held by the bottom tenth of the population. These figures suggest a trend known as economical polarization, whereby the wealth of the economic elite is increasing at the expense of the lower deciles of society. Whilst the rich become richer, the poor are becoming poorer. This supports the Marxist claim that the capitalist system is only beneficial to the bourgeoisie, if national income is expressed as a hypothetical pie, the richest deciles continue to take larger and larger slices and as such, those in poverty did not reap the benefits of economic growth under the Thatcher government of the 1980s.c) Identify and explain two difficulties facing sociological researchers attempting to measure relative poverty.Townsend claims that individuals can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diethave the living conditions which are customary or at least widely encouraged or approved in the societies to which they belong. Townsend operationalized this definition in the creation of his deprivation index, discovering that 22.9% of the population were in poverty in 1969 according to this criterion whilst by the state standard it was only 9.2. However, researchers face many problems in attempting to measure relative poverty.Pichaud criticizes Towensends index commenting that it is unclear what items such as eating fresh meat have to do with poverty or how they are selected. In this respect, the measurement of relative poverty appears to be as invalid as Rowntrees early work employing absolute definitions. Similarly, such indexes may be more greatly affected by cultural and social differences than the existence of poverty. For example, if a convention towards vegetarianism arose in society, according to this criterion a high proportion of the population would be experiencing poverty when this is clearly not the case. Pichaud states that taken to its logical conclusiononly when everyone behaved uniformly would no-one be described as deprived. The decision to include and exclude certain items in fact reflects the views of the researcher not what is customary to society as a whole.A problem which faces all researche rs in the measurement of poverty is that of finding a point at which a line can be drawn. Selecting a line at which poverty starts to increase rapidly is as arbitrary as any other , e.g. the EUs suggestion of 50% of the national average income. Similarly research such as Townsends is criticized on the basis that it is in fact a reflection of inequality, not poverty. In this respect the measurement of relative poverty is essentially worthless as inequality will always exist. Researchers such as Sen claim that relative deprivation cannot be the only basis for the concept of poverty, there must be an irreducible core of absolute deprivation in our idea of poverty. A distinction between poverty and inequality must be made clearly by researchers, i.e.. if famine were widespread in society it would be false to claim that there was no poverty as all members were experiencing equal circumstances.d) Using your wider sociological knowledge, outline the evidence that some groups are more vulne rable to poverty than others.Researchers such as Oppenheim and Alcock have investigated the social distribution of poverty. Such research suggests that certain groups of society, for example women and the elderly are more vulnerable to poverty than others.Official statistics show that full-time participation in the labour market greatly reduces the risk of experiencing poverty, 75% of those where the head of the family were unemployed were experiencing poverty. Similarly 34% of lone pensioners were experiencing poverty. In stark contrast, only 2% of couples in full time work were defined as poor. Clearly therefore, earning power is conversely proportional to the likelihood of suffering poverty.Oppenheim and Harker cite gender as significant with regards to poverty. Most statistics do not take into account the sex of individuals as they are broken down into households. In 1996, estimates suggest that 5.2 million women were in poverty compared to only 4.2 million men. Women nearly alw ays have lower independent incomes than men, income is not distributed evenly throughout the household. Webb found in 1991 that an estimated 2 thirds of adults in the poorest households were women. Furthermore the womens average independent income was only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½99 compared to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½199 for men. Reasons for this trend include the fact that lone parents are vulnerable to poverty and nine tenths of these are women (58% of lone parents are defined as poor.). Similarly, Glendinning and Millar claim that women are disadvantaged in labour market, many women care for sick or elderly relatives but receive only paltry state allowances for doing so.Ethnicity also appears to be another factor which contributes to poverty. Bertouds study calculating figures on Households Below Average Income concluded that ethnic background may severely disadvantage the individual. 84% of Bangladeshis receive less than half the average national income compared to only 28% of white people, and only 1 % of Pakistanis earn above one and a half times the average compared to 23% of white people. The conclusion is that poverty is more prevalent among ethnic minorities than white people, despite the fact that there are fewer pensioners and lone parents among them. Bertoud states that the Bangladeshis and Pakistanis are perhaps the poorest group in Britain. This is attributed to the fact that more men are unemployed in these groups and few women seek employment external to the home, this again confounds the theory that lack of earning ability increases vulnerability to poverty. Pete Alcock adds that ethnic groups are just as likely to experience social deprivation as material deprivation, particularly due to the enduring racism of lower socio-economic groups.The disabled present the final group vulnerable to poverty, again this is likely to be a result of their low earning power. Oppenheim and Harker argue that they face the risks of poverty because of inadequate benefits. Consistently , research into poverty has displayed that state supplements and income support given to all groups vulnerable to poverty are not sufficient to lift them out of it.The conclusion appears to be that the only way to avoid poverty is via full time access to the labour market. However, this is refuted by the growth of self employed individuals experiencing poverty (27% in 1992). This group has grown in prominence due to economic backlash during the late 80s and early 90s, leaving any unemployed but lacking the skills to make a success of their own businesses. Still, it is clear that certain groups are more vulnerable to poverty than others most noticeably the unemployed.e) Outline and assess the major sociological explanations for the increase in poverty when living standards for the majority are rising.The three major explanations for the increase in poverty are: cultural, e.g. Oscar Lewiss observation of South American peasant cultures; individual, for example the Dependency culture ( Murray [1994], Marsland [1989] ); and structural theories such as Marxism and functionalism.The earlier, individualistic theories of poverty inevitably placed the blame on the poor themselves. Neither society, or societal groups were held accountable, the poor were poor because they were unable or unwilling to provide adequately for their own well being. Cultural theorists such as Oscar Lewis suggest that values such as fatalism, apathy and immediate gratification characteristic of the poor perpetuate their situation. In turn these norms are transmuted to each new generation creating a poverty stricken sub- culture independent of the rest of society. As a result, poor groups are unable to seek the benefits of increasing living standards because they are conditioned to accept their situation and unwilling to make the effort to change it. For example with regards to education, the poor are averse to seeking higher or even further education due to the delay of gratification. As a resul t they are condemned to the lower, unskilled echelons of the labour market.However such claims are criticized as presenting only a middle class and value laden perspective. In particular, the specific observation of South American cultures cannot be generalized to western industrial societies. Groups such as Marxists would condemn such studies as an excuse to blame the poor and exonerate the capitalist system which exploits the poor to the advantage of the economic elite. The poor are unable to seek the higher living standards of the privileged majority because the system is biased against them. Poverty stricken groups are subjugated by the bourgeoisie in order to glean extra profits and capital via labour exploitation.Herbert Spencer was an advocate of individualistic theory and strong critic of the poor. He argued that usually a poor fellow was also a bad fellow. According to Spencer it was wrong to help or show sympathy for those who engaged in dissolute living, if an individual was too lazy to work then he deserved to starve. Critics would argue that Herbert Spencer presents an out- moded and ignorant attitude to the poor, in claiming that the poor do not take responsibility for themselves the bourgeoisie are in fact shirking responsibility for the capitalist system which disadvantages those in poverty. However such perspectives are still relevant today as they unwittingly reveal the ignorance of the privileged who are prepared to perpetuate a system which exploits those they consider to be inferior.In this respect, cultural theory of dependency is closely linked to individualistic theory in terms of explanations of poverty. Similarly it is used to blame the poor for their situation and negates the structural causes of poverty.New Right thinkers such as David Marsland claim that the lower deciles of society benefit from the economic growth of Britain without contributing to it. Seemingly, the cultural explanation is that the welfare state creates a lack of incentive for the poor to seek paid employment. Therefore the more privileged members of society justifiably enjoy higher standards of living as they work hard to achieve them. Peripherally they also fund the welfare state via national taxes and as a result the poor receive financial support by proxy from the middle and upper classes.Again, this perspective seeks to justify the actions of the elite in their attempts to detach themselves from the poverty suffered by others. The welfare state presents a simple and easy way of life to these groups and as such they are reconciled to their poverty. Followed to its logical conclusion it is necessary to disestablish the welfare state in order to prevent this. This cause of action would force the poor to seek employment in the labour market where they could a) contribute to Britains economy, and b) subsequently improve their standards of living.Charles Murray presents a similar argument in his study of the American underclass. This sub- cu lture of poverty does not seek elevation to privileged society as it is functions using its own norms and values whilst receiving financial support from wider society.Despite the fact that such arguments were held in high esteem by the Conservative governments of Thatcher and Major, critics such as Dean and Taylor Gooby refute its claims. They state that the culture of dependency theory extols the values of self reliance and hard work but denigrates laziness and dependence on others. In fact reliance upon others decreases human happiness and it is therefore unlikely that those experiencing poverty do so as a result of calculated choices. It is not rational to assume that, whilst the standard of living rises for the majority, the poor would rationally seek to exclude themselves from social elevation.Cultural and individualistic arguments are strongly contested by those who point out the existence of situational constraints. This argument claims that the poor can only change their beh aviour once situational constraints such as unemployment are removed.Similarly, conflict theories such as Marxism suggest that the poor are victims of a biased, capitalist system rather than the cause of their own poverty. The government claims to seek economic equality using methods such as progressive taxation, the threshold of which may not even be reached by the poorest members of society. However, indirect taxation such as VAT tends to be regressive. Duties on alcohol and tobacco swallow a greater proportion of income from the poorer sections of the community than the rich ones. However it could be suggested that those in poverty should not waste their money on frivolous expenditures such as these.Similarly conflict theorists argue that welfare systems such as income support may eradicate absolute poverty but do little with regards relative poverty. Therefore, inequality and economic polarization between upper and lower deciles is ever more prevalent. Le Grand concluded that th rough housing policy the richest group receives nearly twice as much per household as the poorest group. This confounds the Marxist view that the economy is biased in such a way as the poor remain down trodden whilst the rich elite take more and more economically.Marxist theorist such as Ralph Miliband place less distinction between the poor and other members of the working class. Westergaard and Resler claim that by focusing on the desperately poor the elite attempts to divert attention from the larger structure of inequality in which poverty is embedded. The poor are merely the most disadvantaged stratum of the working class which as a whole is exploited. As economic growth has continued throughout recent decades little filters through to the working class as a whole due to the capitalist greed of the economic elite. According to Kincaid the low wage sector helps to underpin and stablise the whole structure and yet the poor reap no benefits. Obviously, this stabilization is merely used to further increase the privilege of the bourgeoisie at the expense of the masses who are essential to the system as a whole. Though living standards on the whole increase, so to does inequality. Whilst the poorest sections of society may be placated by the economic ability to purchase DVDs and Digital television, the upper classes grow fatter and fatter with the wealth they have exploited.Clearly, functionalists would dispute these Marxist claims. For example, Parson and his contemporaries explain such inequality as the result of the weighted uses of those in society. An unskilled worker is no where near as necessary as a brain surgeon with years of training. Similarly the unskilled worker greatly out numbers the brain surgeon, it would therefore be dysfunctional to provide both with the same proportion of national income. Morally each individual has equal worth but functionally this is not the case and economic distribution represents this. Inequality is an inevitable social phenomenon, if the poor seek to align themselves in terms of skills and values then they would be able to experience the gains of the majority.

Critical Essay on The Scarlet Letter

Critical Essay on The Scarlet Letter Critical Essay on The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne is just that, the tragic story of Hester Prynne, a women found guilty of adultery, her rejection, public humiliation, and her inner feelings and the effect on her community in 1850. It is a tragic story. Hawthorne tries to bring some hope into the story, but largely it is a book of despair. With skill, he shares the paradox in human nature and sets off his romantic ideas against the rigid religious Puritan culture. The main question is why Hawthorne had to give it a tragic end? Was it essential to the success of his communication? I do not think so. Hester is the principle character in the story line. She is branded and adulteress and must wear a scarlet A on her dress. Yet she is a strong likeable person. As Hawthorne develops his story, she goes through difficult times. We are given insight into her conflict and herself rejection. This creates an empathy for Hester and creates the desire that she finds happiness. As she is the tragic hero in the story, it becomes clear that she will not find happiness. Her downfall is inevitable, but such is Hawthorne’s power that you keep hoping she will overcome. Hawthorne deliberately hints to possible redemption. Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale plan to escape and make their way to England. Hester deeply loves him and in England they could live free of the shame place on her by this puritan community. In England, their love would be â€Å"legitimate.† Instead, Dimmsdale confesses his sin in the matter and dies. The community is engulfed with the scandal and Hester leaves. Later she comes back and lives on her own until she dies. Had Dimmsdale lived and taken her to live in England, would it have damaged Hawthornes communication? I dont think so. The story was about Hesters nature, the human paradox, and the â€Å"human condition.† Hawthorne is showing that suffering, tragedy is the essence of mans being, and human nature will always find that is so. I think in this book nothing shown about human nature would have been undermined if it had ended well. Life is filled with suffering caused by human nature, yet it is also softened with times of love, laughter and joy. In my view I would have seen their escape as evidence that no matter how dark the night there is at least the moon, if not noonday sun. Hesters self-image and Dimmsdales conflicting behavior and desires are tremendously insightful and they are interesting subjects. They would be no less so if Hawthorne had allowed them to get to England. There they would have been able to be free of the stigma of the scarlet letter, giving hope to people trapped in bigoted communities that there are other places and other people with different views. They would have shed light on their experiences and feelings, and given insight into a more realistic picture of life. The result is that Hawthorne admirably explored a part of live and the human nature. However, it is only part, because life consists not only of rejection despair fear and death that is only part of it. He did not have to give it a tragic end to make his point. The Scarlet Letter essay writing tips: Research information from a wide variety of sources. Collect more than you can use. Then take out relevant material and re read it. When you are satisfied, you have what you need then you are ready to write. Highlight critical details from your material and write your thesis statement. Ensure you make it clear and concise. Write your introduction, and develop your outline. Limit your paper to three major sections where you use your important points. To these points add your details and arguments, and ensure you keep a logical flow. When finished write your conclusion. Use the body points of your essay to bring your paper to a clear conclusion. Additionally we can offer you custom essays on The Scarlet Letter topics and ideas. Just fill in the order form at our website!

Health Informantion Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Informantion Exchange - Essay Example change information regarding health care services, patients’ case histories, patients’ advocacy rights, state and federal laws regarding health care, and data integrity. This needs a â€Å"standardized interoperable model that is patient centric, trusted, longitudinal, scalable, sustainable, and reliable† (American Health Information Management Association, para.2), and that follows HIM principles. The aim behind the implementation of HIE is to improve the quality of delivery of health care information and services, by ensuring the safety of patients’ data and accuracy of information being shared. Healthcare costs are also reduced (Utah Health Information Network, para.2), since the system is quick and error prone. Terry (para.2) mentions a report conducted by Doctors Helping Doctors Transform Healthcare and the American College of Physicians, which states that a large number of clinicians believe that HIE will have a good effect on health care delivery, c are coordination, care organizations, medical homes, third-party reporting, incentive programs, practice efficiency, and reduction of healthcare costs. However, the biggest challenge in medical settings is the lack of HIE infrastructure and lack of interoperability between EHRs and other electronic information exchange systems. Terry, Ken. â€Å"Most Doctors Want Health Information Exchange Now.† Healthcare Information Week. UBM Tech, 2012. Web. 19 Dec 2012.

Assisted Suicide - Ramon Sampedro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assisted Suicide - Ramon Sampedro - Essay Example He jumped into the sea and struck his head on the bottom of the sea, making him paralyzed. Ramona Maneiro was involved in the last step of the process of assisted suicide that led to the death of Ramon Sampedro. It is evident that Maneiro had a role and ethical right to facilitate Sampedro’s assisted suicide. In as much as the concept of assisted suicide presents several challenges, it is crucial to acknowledge the importance of adhering to the needs of the victims while adhering to the tenets of the law. Maneiro acted based on love by agreeing to participate in assisted suicide. She noted 7 years later that she acted based on love. Maneiro had a relationship with Sampedro that lasted for many years. After living a bedridden life, Sampedro began struggling for his right to end his life. The only person who could understand his situation and challenges was Maneiro. It is essential to note that Sampedro could not commit suicide by himself because of his quadriplegic condition (M anning 21). Maneiro acted by following the utilitarian and Kantianism principles. The principles of utilitarianism dictate that human actions should lead to happiness (Manning 41). By assisting Sampedro in committing suicide, Maneiro was accomplishing her obligations of ensuring that her fellow human was relieved of pain and suffering that he was experiencing. For 29 years, Sampedro lived a life of suffering following his paralysis. He had to depend on other people for basic human activities and needs. He lived a bedridden life afflicted with an excruciatingly painful and terminal condition that left him permanently incapable of living a dignified human life. In order to assist Sampedro in committing suicide, Maneiro was accomplishing her obligations under utilitarianism. Sampedro looked forward to a life of satisfaction and minimum suffering. However, his quadriplegic state could not let him live such a life. Having lived with Sampedro for many years, Maneiro understood his situati on and experiences. Additionally, Sampedro mercifully begged for an end to his painful life. Maneiro could not turn down these pleas given the fact that she knew him and understood his suffering. It would have been cruel and inhumane for Maneiro to turn down such pleas from a suffering man. According to the requirements for compassion, an individual should cooperate and comply with the pleas of a suffering person. Additionally, Sampedro has moral rights to ask for an end of his life. Additionally, Maneiro has the moral right of helping somebody overcome the suffering in his life. The two individuals have a right to choose freely and not inflict harm in each other’s life. Sampedro indicated expressly that he wanted an end to his life. The right of free choices included the right to end one’s life when necessary. Additionally, a person needs to opt to end his life (Manning 17). In my opinion, Maneiro chose to respect the wishes of Sampedro to end his life. Opponents of t he actions taken by Maneiro argue that the society has a right to protect the life of anybody. This means that Maneiro failed to protect the life of Sampedro. Additionally, they state that Maniero should have played a role in preserving the life of Sampedro. Therefore, assisting Sampedro in committing suicide violates the fundamental roles and duties of respecting and preserving life.  This means that a society committed to protect and preserve life should not destroy it (Manning 21).     Ã‚  

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Essay Example for Free

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Essay The possible positive and  negative effects of FDI  inflows Ing. Tomà ¡Ã… ¡ Dudà ¡Ã… ¡, PhD. Possible positive effects FDI provides capital which is usually missing  in the target country Long term capital is suitable for economic  development Foreign investors are able to finance their  investments projects better and often cheaper Foreign corporations create new workplaces Possible positive effects FDI bring new technologies that are usually  not available in the target country. There is empirical evidence that there are spillover effects as the new technologies usually spread beyond the foreign corporations Foreign corporations provide better access to  foreign markets Ex. Foreign corporations can provide useful  contacts even for their domestic subcontractors Possible positive effects Foreign corporations bring new know-how and  managerial skills into the target country Again, there is a spill-over effects – as people leave the corporations they leave with the knowledge and know-how  they accumulated Foreign corporations can help to change the economic  structure of the target country With a good economic strategy governments can attract  companies from promising and innovative sectors Possible positive effects â€Å"Crowding in† effect The foreign corporations often bring additional  investors into the target country (ex. their usual subcontractors) Foreign corporations improve the business  environment of the target country Ethical business or rules of conduct Possible positive effects Foreign corporations bring new â€Å"clean†Ã‚  technologies that help to improve the  environmental conditions Foreign corporations usually help increase the  level of wages in the target economy Foreign corporations usually have a positive  effects on the trade balance Possible negative effects Foreign corporations may buy a local company  in order to shut it down (and gain monopoly  for example) â€Å"Crowding out† effect We can see this effect if the foreign corporations  target the domestic market and domestic  corporations are not able to compete with these  corporations Possible negative effects Foreign corporations may cut working  positions (privatization deals or MA  transactions) Foreign corporations have a tendency to use  their usual suppliers which can lead to  increased imports (no problem if the  production is export driven) Possible negative effects Repatriation of the profits can be stressful on the  balance of payments The high growth of wages in foreign corporations  can influence a similar growth in the domestic  corporations which are not able to cover this growth  with the growth of productivity  The result is the decreasing competitiveness of domestic  companies Possible negative effects Missing tax revenues If the foreign corporations receive tax holidays or  similar provisions The emergence of a dual economy The economy will contain a developed foreign  sector and an underdeveloped domestic sector Possible negative effects Possible environmental damage  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Incentive tourism†

Characterization of Charlie Gordon :: essays research papers

Characterization of Charlie Gordon from the short story: Flowers for Algernon Charlie Gordon has all his life been mental disabled, but for just as long time wanted to be a geni-ass. One day he is given that opportunity and he agrees to let the doctors operate his brain. Before the operation Charlie is a very friendly man, who only sees the good things in life and trusts everybody. His lack of intelligence makes it impossible for him to see that his best friends are in fact victimizing him. (Report 8, page 117) He can’t imagine things. â€Å"I tryed hard but I still†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Report 2, page 112) Another important quality he hasn’t got, besides intelligence and imagination, is: Feeling. He is only able to be happy, he can not feel anger and love. One of Charlie’s best qualities is his motivation and what seems like his eternal strive for normal intelligence. After the surgery he slowly becomes more and more intelligent, along with the intelligence his imagination and his ability to have feelings grow. And suddenly he is no longer locked in a perspective where he is only able to see a purple present. Now he has been gifted with a new look on life. He sees present and past and how he has been treated by his ‘friends’, this leads him to be suspicious of everybody near him. â€Å"I didn’t know what to do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (April 20, page 122) His intelligence reaches new, never known heights and he becomes even more an outsider than he was before, as a retard. And finally he’s stupid again. I like Charlie Gordon, and I liked him best when he was smart. But if he hadn’t been a retard before he became a genius, I guess I wouldn’t have liked him as much. I think being able to place oneself in another’s position and way of thinking is a great quality to have as a human being.

Media Formulation

Medium formulation is an essential stage in the design of fermentation process. Most fermentation media require liquid media, although some solid-substrate fermentations are also operated. Fermentation media must satisfy all the nutritional requirements of the microorganisms and fulfill the technical objectives of the process. There are several stages where media are required in a fermentation process; inoculum (starter culture), propagation steps, pilot-scale fermentations and the main production fermentations.According to Cruger W and Cruger A (1990); on a large scale, the sources of nutrients should be selected to create a medium which should meet as many as many possible of the following criteria: i. It should produce the maximum yield of product or biomass per gm of substrate used. ii. It should produce maximum concentration of product or biomass. iii. It should permit the maximum rate of product formation. iv. There should be the minimum yield of undesired products. v. It shoul d be of a consistent quality and be readily available throughout the year. vi.It should cause minimal problems during media preparation and sterilization. vii. It should cause minimal problems in other aspects of the production process particularly aeration and agitation, extraction, purification and waste treatment. The initial step in media for media formulation is the examination of the overall process on the stoichiometery for growth and product formation. The optimization of a medium should be carried out such that it meets as many as possible of the seven criteria. Different combinations and sequences of process conditions have to be investigated to determine growth conditions (Stanbury P.F and Whitaker A; 1995). Medium optimization can be carried by the classical method, in which one independent variable is changed while keeping all others at a certain level. An aerobic fermentation process may be represented as: Carbon and energy source + Nitrogen source + O2 + other require ments Biomass + products + CO2 + H2O + heat This primarily involves consideration of the input of the carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals and oxygen and their conversion to cell biomass, metabolic products.Based on this information, it should be possible to calculate the minimum quantities of each element required to produce a certain quantity of biomass and metabolite According to Prasanthi V et al (2008); Chlorella vulgaris is a green, spherical, single celled fresh water microalga belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta. As per the study conducted so far it is found that green algae are the highest source of chlorophyll in the plant world and particularly, Chlorella one of the members of green algae is the richest source of chlorophyll which is widely used as a health food and feed supplement.The aim of this work is to design different medium types to evaluate optimization combinations for maximum growth, morphology and pigment content of C. vulgaris. Effect of glucose Three differen t volumes of glucose from apple juice while other variables are kept constant. The volumes that were used are 5g/l, 15g/l and 30g/l. The highest chlorophyll production (12%) was obtained with a glucose concentration of 15g/l. Glucose is used as a carbon source which is required for all biosynthesis leading to reproduction, product formation and cell maintenance. It also serves as the energy source.Carbon requirements may be determined from the biomass yield coefficient (Y), an index of the efficiency of conversion of a substrate into the cellular material: Ycarbon (g/g) = biomass produced (g) __________________ Glucose substrate utilized (g) An increase in glucose concentration of 30g/l resulted in the production of chlorophyll being at a constant this is because all the active sites of the microorganism are occupied and active carrying out biochemical reactions. At low glucose concentration of 5g/l very little biomass (chlorophyll) is obtained and also there is low growth rate.Thus , glucose concentration significantly influences chlorophyll production and microbial growth of the microorganism. Constraints that can be generated include the fact that apple juice not only contains one type of sugar, glucose but also contains other sugars (fructose and sucrose) which the microorganism can either utilise for growth resulting in us not obtaining accurate optimization results and also the other sugars can inhibit the growth of the microorganism. Apple juice also contains soluble pectin these can be difficult to digest hence a reduction in biomass.Effect of nitrogen from defatted soya Nitrogen being important constituent of the cell protein was needed for algal growth, either in combined or in molecular form. It is also a component of proteins nucleic acids some co-enzymes. Industrially important microorganisms can utilize both inorganic and organic nitrogen sources. Inorganic nitrogen may be supplied as ammonium salts, often ammonium sulphate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, or ammonia; these can be used in place of defatted soya. Ammonia can also be used to adjust the pH of the fermentation.As nitrogen deficiency develops the amount of chlorophyll in the cells decreases faster than the nitrogen content in C. vulgaris. Nitrogen is a limiting factor if continually increased it can inhibit the production of chlorophyll. Varying concentrations of nitrogen were used i. e 0. 3g/l, 0,6g/l and 2. 0g/l. At 0. 3g/l little chlorophyll is obtained this is due to the fact that nitrogen being a macronutrient it is required in high concentration. At 0. 6g/l high yields of chlorophyll are obtained and at 2. 0g/l nitrogen turns to be a limiting factor and can lead to culture toxicity.Constraints can be generated when using Ammonia as a substitute for defatted soya this is due to the fact that ammonia leads to high pH which results in a precipitate formation in the medium but lower pH of the medium prevent the precipitation. Foaming in a microbiological proc ess is due to media proteins that become attached to the air-broth interface where they denature to form stable foam. Non-treatment of foam may block air filters, resulting in loss of aseptic conditions. The foam production can be controlled by addition of chemical antifoam. Natural antifoams include plant oils (e. g.Soya, sunflower and rapeseed), hence defatted soya is used as a nitrogen source rather than ammonia. Also high concentrations of ammonium ions can be toxic to cells of the microbe. Effect of Mg2+ MgSO4 can be used as the source of magnesium. It promotes the maximum growth of the present alga and it is also incorporated as an enzyme co-factor component of chlorophyll. Three salt concentrations were used 0. 1g/l; 0. 5g/l and 1g/l. At low salt concentration of 0. 1g/l it results in a magnesium deficiency which interrupted cell division in Chlorella which results in abnormally large cell formation. Increase in salt concentration of 0. g/l and 1g/l of magnesium alone in the medium resulted in higher cell number, although increase in nitrogen alone did not make much difference that means cells need magnesium to synthesize chlorophyll. The process of multiplication requires a larger concentration of magnesium in the medium than does the production of cell material. Iron uptake is strictly required to optimize the process. References 1). Crueger W and Crueger A. 1990. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Oxford. Panima Publishing Corporation. 2). Stansbury P. F and Whitaker A . 1995. Principles of fermentation technology. New York. Pergamon Press. 3).Prasanthi V, Yugandhar M. N, Vuddaraju S. P, Nalla K. K, Raju C. A. I and Donthireddy S. R. R. Optimization of the fermentation media using statistical approach and artificial neural networks for the production of chlorophyll by Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2008. 2 (3): 51-56 CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME: Ngara Tanyaradzwa R REG NUMBER: C1110934J C OURSE: Process Optimization and Production COURSE CODE: CUBT 208 PROGRAM: BSBIO Level 2:2 Assignment: 1 Lecturer Dr Zvidzai

Cxc Additional Math Sba - 1300 Words

Title: Are the colours of MM’s evenly distributed in a bag of MM’s? Purpose of Project / Aim: Probability is an educated thought or guess to determine if a particular event will occur. Probability is important to assist in making and predicting everyday decisions; the probability that a child will be born with sickle cell disease or the probability that crops will die are all important for the human survival. The use of MM’s is to substitute for the examples listed above to examine probability considering they are used in everyday life and are therefore readily accessible. When individuals consume MM’s, they indentify particular colours and this can be related to probability. Calculating the probability of a particular colour†¦show more content†¦Standard deviation = 10.1 Based on the calculations, the standard deviations observed did not support my theory of the standard deviation being close to zero but it supported the theory that there was not even distribution of MM’s. It was expected that larger data would be closer to zero, however